metamusica

BIOGRAFIA ITALIANO - ENGLISH CATALOGO

György Ligeti, uno dei massimi compositori viventi, nacque nel 1923 in Transilvania, precisamente a Dicsöszentmárton, in una zona che allora apparteneva all’Ungheria e dal 1947 alla Romania. Studiò con Sándor Varess all’Accademia di Budapest, dove fu insegnante dal 1950 al 1956, quando, fuggito dall’Ungheria, si trasferì a Vienna. Lavorò inoltre con Stockhausen presso lo Studio di musica elettronica di Colonia e insegnò ad Amburgo e Stoccolma, tenendo anche alcuni corsi estivi presso la fucina della “Nuova Musica” di Darmstadt.

Già agli esordi sentì urgente la necessità di andare oltre la tradizione post-bartókiana, che pure aveva ne caratterizzato la formazione e gli esordi; e finché non entrò in contatto con le soluzioni dell’Avanguardia europea, si dedicò alla sperimentazione su strutture ritmiche, timbriche e seriali elementari, come nel tentativo di ricominciare da zero. Il lavoro più rilevante di questo primo periodo della parabola creativa ligetiana è il primo Quartetto per archi Métamorphoses nocturnes (1953-54).

Due importanti pezzi per orchestra, Apparitions (1958-59) e Atmosphères (1961), segnano, per così dire, il nuovo debutto del musicista, ora del tutto avvertito circa gli sviluppi più recenti della musica colta europea. Essi sono caratterizzati da una tecnica di fasce o di aggregati, di superfici e strutture sonore di colore e densità variabili. L’effetto prodotto è quello di una musica priva del senso del tempo, che è come sospeso in un’immobile contemplazione. L’altro aspetto determinante dello stile “formato” di Ligeti si colloca all’opposto di tale estrema staticità e precede una mobile e frantumata “micropolifonia”: un reticolo di linee minutamente addensate in un tessuto inestricabile e variegato. Appartergono a questa ampia fase dell’attività ligetiana, perdurante fino oltre la metà degli anni settanta, alcune importanti composizioni come le azioni drammatico-musicali Aventures (1962) e Nouvelles Aventures (1962-65), il Requiem per soprano, 2 cori e orchestra (1963-65), Lontano per orchestra (1967), le Ramifications per archi (1968-69), il Secondo Quartetto (1968) e il Kammerkonzert per 13 strumentisti (1968-70).

La fase successiva, che si suole identificare con l’andata in scena dell’opera Le Grand Macabre (Stoccolma, 1977), ispirata a Ghelderode, è considerata “retrospettiva”, in quanto il musicista ha spesso e volentieri fatto i conti con il retaggio del passato, prossimo o remoto che fosse, pur mantenendo i tratti di assoluta originalità e genialità che gli sono propri. Tra i lavori principali di quest’ultimo periodo si ricordano il Trio per violino, corno e pianoforte (1982), le tre Phantasien per coro su testi di Hölderlin (1983) e il Concerto per violino (1992).

Comune a tutti i periodi della parabola creativa ligetiana è il personale gusto per una ricerca sonora affatto particolare, che ha indotto il musicista sia a utilizzare le moderne risorse dell’elettronica e dell’informatica musicale, sia a “attualizzare” le sonorità degli strumenti tradizionali, anche quelli storicamente connotati come il settecentesco clavicembalo, cui sono dedicati i celebri pezzi Continuum (1968), Passacaglia ungherese (1978) e Hungarian Rock. Chaconne (1978).

Da segnalare infine che diverse musiche di Ligeti sono state utilizzate da alcuni registi cinematografici come colonne sonore di famose pellicole, tra le quali si ricordano 2001: Odissea nello spazio e Shining di Kubrik.

One of the world’s best known living composers, György Ligeti is widely acknowledged as a musical pioneer of the late twentieth century. In response to a general stylistic crisis in the mid-century avant-garde, Ligeti forged his own musical alternative, based on texture and sound density, that has become one of the major influences on contemporary music. His varied output, which he began in pre-communist Hungary and continued in western Europe after the Hungarian communist revolution, is searingly intense at times and full of vivacity, humor and irony at others.

Sony Classical features Ligeti’s music in the award-winning Ligeti Edition, a series of recordings supervised by the composer. Volumes 1 - 7 feature solo and chamber music, and Volume 8, to be released in 1999, will be Ligeti’s opera Le Grand Macabre (S2K 62312). Volume 6, an album of his keyboard works (SK 62307), won a Gramophone Award in 1997.

Born in 1923 to Hungarian parents in Dicsöszentmárton (now Târnarveni) in Transylvania, Romania, Ligeti and his family moved to Cluj (Kolozsvár, Klausenburg) when he was still a child. He began studying composition with Ferenc Farkas at the Cluj conservatory in 1941 and continued his studies in Budapest with Pál Kadosa. In 1943 his education was interrupted when he was sent into forced labor as a Jew for the remainder of World War II.

Ligeti survived, although the Nazi occupation destroyed his family, and after the war he resumed his studies with Farkas and Sándor Veress at the Franz Liszt Adademy in Budapest. He spent a year doing field research in Romanian folk music after his graduation in 1949 but returned to the Liszt Academy in 1950 as a teacher of harmony, counterpoint and formal analysis.

He remained there until he fled from Hungary after the revolution in 1956.

Before Ligeti emigrated to the West, his work was limited by political repression and censorship, which restricted access to new musical ideas and discouraged public presentation of experimental music. His publications of those years included only folksong arrangements and music based on Romanian or Hungarian folk music. His arrival in Vienna late in 1956 therefore provided him with fresh opportunities. He was introduced to key figures in the avant-garde of western European music, notably Karlheinz Stockhausen, Gottfried Michael Koenig and Herbert Eimert. Eimert invited Ligeti to join the Electronic Music Studio of Westdeutscher Rundkfunk (West German Radio) in Cologne in 1957, and there Ligeti had the freedom to develop his style, consolidating musical ideas that had begun to emerge in his scores as early as the late 1940s. His electronic composition Artikulation (1958) and the orchestral Apparitions (1958-59), the first pieces in the mature style, attracted critical attention, and the premiere of Apparitions at the ISCM Festival in 1960 launched his international career.

The success of Apparitions was confirmed by Atmosphères (1961) and the organ work Volumina (1961-62), making clear that Ligeti was forging for Western music a powerful alternative to post-Webern serialism. A key feature of his style was the use of extraordinarily dense polyphony, which he called “micropolyphony” -- complexes of musical color and texture so rich and intense that they virtually dissolved the distinctions of melody, harmony and rhythm. At the same time, Ligeti experimented with a coloristic language that was no less polyphonic but was built on the kaleidoscopic use of articulate speech sounds and inflections, as heard in Adventures (1962) and Nouvelles Aventures (1962-65). His music throughout the 1960s relied on one or both of these contrasting techniques. In the later 60s Ligeti injected a renewed contrapuntal complexity into his work, beginning with Requiem (1963-65) and Lux aeterna (1966). Requiem made a powerful impression at its Stockholm premiere in 1965, and it went on to win the Bonn Beethoven Prize in 1967. The Cello Concerto (1966) is closely related to Lux aeterna (itself a reflection of Requiem) in sound and design -- a combination of dazzling intricacy and the most lucid of musical images. Two years after its premiere, Lux aeterna -- along with Atmosphères and Requiem -- reached a mass audience when an excerpt from the score was used on the soundtrack and the best-selling soundtrack recording of the Stanley Kubrick film 2001: A Space Odyssey.

In the 1970s, Ligeti’s writing became more transparent, even melodic, though in a highly personal, elusive manner. The flickering melodic shapes of Melodien (1971) seem to be a step ahead of the listener’s ear, and, in later works, he transforms the idea of melody and harmonic structure through the use of micro-intervals and deviations from the tempered scale.

As early as Ramifications (1968-69), Ligeti wrote for two string ensembles that had been tuned a quarter-tone apart.

Wit and satire color the composer’s later work as well, occassionally with scathing results. The work 0’00”, perhaps the shortest known composition, pokes fun at John Cage’s 4’33”. In a similar vein, The Future of Music (1961), for non-speaking lecturer and audience, ridicules the idea of performance art and, at the same time, questions the nature of musical communication. The opera Le Grand Macabre (S2K 62312), premiered in Stockholm in 1978, is suffused with dark comedy, though in general the opera relates an ominous tale.

Ligeti’s ever-evolving style shifted again in the 1980s, when he left behind the static structures of his earlier works and began working with dynamic polyrhythmic techniques. The Piano Concerto (1985-88) is typical of this period -- the composer himself considers it his most complex and difficult score, but it immediately disarms the listener.

After 1956 Ligeti lived in Germany and then Austria, where he became a citizen in 1967. For many years he was a visiting professor of composition at the Stockholm Academy of Music, and from 1973 until 1989 he served as professor of composition at the Hamburg Music Academy. In 1972 he spent a year as a visiting professor and composer-in-residence at Stanford University.

The composer was awarded the German decoration "Pour le mérit" and the Bach Prize of the City of Hamburg in 1975. In 1986 he received the Grawemeyer Prize, and in 1996 he was awarded the Music Prize of the International Music Council.